"When fascism became mainstream: the challenge of extremism in times of crisis. [79] Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success was modest, and the Finno-Soviet war ended in March 1940 with minimal Finnish concessions. [406] Many means of destroying tanks, including indirect artillery, anti-tank guns (both towed and self-propelled), mines, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. [337][338][339] Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations, but the League did little when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's Covenant. [8] The exact number of deaths is unknown but about 50 million people are estimated to have died from the influenza outbreak worldwide. On repatriation of Soviet citizens. [19] Material loss was "slight": the most significant being 40% of the British merchant fleet sunk by German U-boats. At the Battle of Dumlupınar, the Greek army was defeated and forced into retreat, leading to the burning of Smyrna and the withdrawal of Greece from Asia Minor. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion US dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. Finally, she concludes that "the very success of the relief effort had in effect deprived the [Allies] of a credible threat to induce Germany to sign the Treaty of Versailles. [411], Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines, the most well known being the German Enigma machine. Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became part of what is today Saudi Arabia and Yemen. [117] Although the Axis victory was swift, bitter and large-scale partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia, which continued until the end of the war. [273] On 4 February Soviet, British, and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference. [63] The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, France and Britain declared war on Germany, followed by Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and Canada. [327] Italy also experienced an economic boom[328] and the French economy rebounded. On 28 June 1919 the Weimar Republic was forced, under threat of continued Allied advance, to sign the Treaty of Versailles. [26]:20,245 The 1921 United Kingdom Census found 19,803,022 women and 18,082,220 men in England and Wales, a difference of 1.72 million which newspapers called the "Surplus Two Million". It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other resources to Japan. [10], The exact date of the war's end is also not universally agreed upon. Cornelissen, Christoph, and Arndt Weinrich, eds. The Soviet Invasion of Finland. 132 billion gold marks ($31.5 billion, 6.6 billion pounds) were demanded from Germany in reparations, of which only 50 billion had to be paid. Turkey took over territory lost to Armenia and post-Imperial Russia. As the central government had ceased to operate in vast areas, these regions found themselves without a government and many new groups attempted to fill the void. Less concrete changes include the growing assertiveness of Commonwealth nations. As consequence of invasions of Turkey and Russian Red Army all three Transcaucasian countries were proclaimed as Soviet Republics in 1920 and over time were absorbed into the Soviet Union. The origins and the political background", "World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937â1945)", "Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm", "Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others", "Od rzezi woÅyÅskiej do akcji WisÅa.
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